Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Original Article

Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): September 2025

Association between smoking habits and lung function among adult smokers: A cross-sectional study in public health

DOI
https://doi.org/10.55048/jpns182
Published
2025-09-30

Abstract

Background: Smoking is a major risk factor for impaired lung function. Continuous exposure to cigarette smoke in adulthood contributes to a progressive decline in lung capacity, which may lead to chronic respiratory diseases and other serious health complications. While previous studies have used indirect tools such as smokelyzers, limited research has applied spirometry to directly evaluate lung function among smokers in community health settings.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between smoking habits and lung function, measured using spirometry, among adult smokers.

Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted in a public health center. Smoking behavior was assessed using the Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Questionnaire (GN-SBQ), while lung function was measured with spirometry. Data were analyzed using the Spearman rank correlation test.

Results: The study included 50 adult respondents with a mean age of 40.8 ± 11.1 years. Most participants demonstrated strong smoking behavior, with 41 respondents (69.5%) categorized as very strong and 24 respondents (40.7%) categorized as moderate. Spirometry results indicated a significant negative correlation between smoking behavior and lung function (p = 0.010; r = –0.360). These findings suggest that greater smoking intensity is associated with reduced lung capacity, reflecting the harmful cumulative effects of tobacco exposure.

Conclusion: Smoking habits were significantly associated with decreased lung function among adult smokers. This highlights the need for preventive efforts, including health education, routine lung function screening, and smoking cessation programs in public health settings to mitigate long-term respiratory complications.

References

  1. Abdelaziz, S. H. H., & Mohammed, H. E. (2014). Aljamali, N. M., Al-Qraawy, W. K. N., & Helal, T. A. (2022). Review on carcinogens materials in chemical laboratories. International Journal of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.33545/26646501.2022.v4.i1a.26
  2. Chu, S., Ma, L., Wei, J., Wang, J., Xu, Q., Chen, M., Jiang, M., Luo, M., Wu, J., Mai, L., Tang, G., & Mo, B. (2021). Smoking Status Modifies the Relationship between Th2 Biomarkers and Small Airway Obstruction in Asthma. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1918518
  3. Dutt, S., Gogia, T., & Gupta, M. (2021). A comparative study on pulmonary function tests in smokers & nonsmokers. Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2021.012
  4. Han, M., Fu, Y., Ji, Q., Deng, X., & Fang, X. (2023). The effectiveness of theory-based smoking cessation interventions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16441-w
  5. Hashemi-Aghdam, M. R., Shafiee, G., Ebrahimi, M., Ejtahed, H. S., Yaseri, M., Motlagh, M. E., Qorbani, M., Heshmat, R., & Kelishadi, R. (2022). Trend of passive smoking and associated factors in Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN studies. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13045-8
  6. Kemenkes RI. (2021). Laporan Kinerja Kementerian Kesehatan 2021. Kementrian Kesehatan RI.
  7. Kshatri, J. S., Satpathy, P., Sharma, S., Bhoi, T., Mishra, S. P., & Sahoo, S. S. (2022). Health research in the state of Odisha, India: A decadal bibliometric analysis (2011 2020). Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 6(2), 169–170. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc
  8. Kumar, N., Chawla, G., Kansal, A. P., Deokar, K., Niwas, R., Abrol, N., Asfahan, S., Garg, S., & Keena, M. (2022). Air flow limitation in smokers – A cause of concern. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1159_20
  9. Mozun, R., Ardura-Garcia, C., Pedersen, E. S. L., Usemann, J., Singer, F., Latzin, P., Moeller, A., & Kuehni, C. E. (2022). Age and body mass index affect fit of spirometry Global Lung Function Initiative references in schoolchildren. ERJ Open Research, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00618-2021
  10. Oelsner, E. C., Balte, P. P., Bhatt, S. P., Cassano, P. A., Couper, D., Folsom, A. R., Freedman, N. D., Jacobs, D. R., Kalhan, R., Mathew, A. R., Kronmal, R. A., Loehr, L. R., London, S. J., Newman, A. B., O’Connor, G. T., Schwartz, J. E., Smith, L. J., White, W. B., & Yende, S. (2020). Lung function decline in former smokers and low-intensity current smokers: a secondary data analysis of the NHLBI Pooled Cohorts Study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30276-0
  11. Pujiono, P. (2023). Hubungan penggunaan apd, kebiasaan merokok, kebiasaan olahraga, dan kadar debu yang terhirup terhadap terjadinya gangguan fungsi paru pada pekerja. Jurnal riset kesehatan poltekkes depkes bandung, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.34011/juriskesbdg.v15i1.2211
  12. Puteri, S. O., Ratnawati, R., & Vikawati, N. E. (2023). Relationship between Age, Exercise Habits, Cigarette Smoke Duration Exposure, and Lung Vital Capacity in Passive Smokers. Majalah Kedokteran Bandung, 55(2). https://doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v55n2.2169
  13. Regan, E. A., Lowe, K. E., Make, B. J., Lynch, D. A., Kinney, G. L., Budoff, M. J., Mao, S. S., Dyer, D., Curtis, J. L., Bowler, R. P., Han, M. L. K., Beaty, T. H., Hokanson, J. E., Kern, E., Humphries, S., Curran-Everett, D., Van Beek, E. J. R., Silverman, E. K., Crapo, J. D., & Finigan, J. H. (2019). Identifying smoking-related disease on lung cancer screening CT scans: Increasing the value. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.15326/jcopdf.6.3.2018.0142
  14. Rodriguez-Alvarez, M. del M., Roca-Antonio, J., Martínez-González, S., Vilà-Palau, V., Chacón, C., Ortega-Roca, A., Borrell-Thiò, E., Erazo, S., Almirall-Pujol, J., & Torán-Monserrat, P. (2022). Spirometry and Smoking Cessation in Primary Care: The ESPIROTAB STUDY, A Randomized Clinical Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114557
  15. Sharma, N., & Gupta, V. (2022). Effect of passive smoking on lung function tests in women. Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2022.010
  16. Thomson, N. C., Polosa, R., & Sin, D. D. (2022). Cigarette Smoking and Asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2022.04.034
  17. Toghyani, A., & Sadeghi, S. (2022). Association of demographic variables and smoking habits with the severity of lung function in adult smokers. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.jrms_854_21
  18. Tony, S. M., Abdelrahman, M. A., Abd Elsalam, M., Shafik, M. S., & Abdelrahim, M. E. (2022). Overview of Spirometry and the Use of Its Parameters for Asthma Monitoring in Children. Journal of Clinical and Nursing Research, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.26689/jcnr.v6i3.3964
  19. Vartiainen, V. A., jousilahti, P., Laatikainen, T., & Vartiainen, E. (2023). Contribution of smoking change to 45-year trend in prevalence of chronic bronchitis in Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 51(8). https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948221104351
  20. World Health Organization. (2023). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2023: protect people from tobacco smoke. In The MPOWER package.
  21. Wu, S. M., Sun, W. L., Lee, K. Y., Lin, C. W., Feng, P. H., Chuang, H. C., Ho, S. C., Chen, K. Y., Chen, T. T., Liu, W. Te, Tseng, C. H., & Bamodu, O. A. (2021). Determinants of pulmonary emphysema severity in taiwanese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An integrated epigenomic and air pollutant analysis. Biomedicines, 9(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9121833
  22. Zhao, X., Song, Q., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., & Sun, C. (2023). Dexmedetomidine improves lung compliance in patients undergoing lateral decubitus position of shoulder arthroscopy: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (United States), 102(16). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000033661

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...